Sciatica is a name describing any form of nerve pain that occurs when the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body, is compressed or damaged. The sciatic nerve originates at the base of the spine and travels through the buttocks and into the leg. Sciatica most commonly occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed at the base of the spine, where the nerve leaves the spinal canal. The most common cause of this compression is a herniated disc. Other spinal conditions, such as stenosis, can also cause compression. Piriformis syndrome, pressure on the sciatic nerve from the piriformis muscle in the buttock, can also result in sciatica.

 
The pain can be characterized as dull, shooting, throbbing, or burning, and is sometimes likened to an electrical shock. The intensity of the pain can vary, from mild to excruciating. The pain can extend from the buttocks, down the leg to the back of the knee and can even go into the foot. Tingling, numbness or weakness can accompany sciatica. Coughing, sneezing, prolonged sitting and standing, or movement can exacerbate the pain.

Treatment may include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, narcotics or systemic painkillers for more severe pain, or physical therapy. On rare occasions, surgery is necessary.

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