The vertebral arch, comprised of several bony structures, includes the pedicle and laminae. The arch extends backwards from the vertebral body. Together, with the vertebral body, these structures form the spinal canal, which holds and protects the spinal cord. On each side of the vertebral column there is an opening between each vertebrae called the invertebral foramen. This opening enables the spinal nerves to pass through.

There are a number of different processes that arise from the vertebral arch. The spinous processes are the bony protrusions that can be felt when you run your fingers down your spine. The transverse processes provide a place for attachment of the spinal ligaments and muscles. The facet joints (articular processes) are the gliding joints that connect the vertebra (above and below). The facet joints control the amount and direction of spinal movement.

Muscles and ligaments are soft tissue structures that support the spine. Ligaments are fibrous, non-elastic bands that hold the vertebrae together and stabilize the spine. They allow the spine to function in an upright position. There are a variety of ligaments attached to the spine. Weakened or continually stressed ligaments cannot support the spine.

There are also many muscles that attach to the spine. They provide stability and assist with movement. Muscles contract and lengthen in response to stress. Weak or tight back muscles are often the first sign of an injury and may cause pain. Back pain is often caused by muscle strain.

The spinal cord and nerve roots are the most delicate part of the spine. The spinal cord runs from the base of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord carries both sensory and motor information between the brain and other parts of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots that branch off the spinal cord and exit through the invertebral foramen. These nerve roots supply the movement and sensation impulses to specific areas of the body. The cauda equina (horse’s tail), an array of nerve roots from the lumbar and sacral area, continues below the spinal cord. In addition to the spinal column, protective structures, such as cerebrospinal fluid, vertical ligaments and the dura mater protect the spinal cord.

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